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... Friction is what drive a belt pulley assembly even if too much friction becomes negative.
Friction results in a lot of things -- all of which subtract from the available power at the spindle, but driving the belt pulley assembly is not what friction does. It is a necessary ingredient and any drive transmission whether belt, gear, or fluid has parasitic and induced frictional losses. A well designed system reduces friction to a minimum.
In your sketch, the closer spaced pulleys is always a more desirable condition than the ones spaced further apart. The power transfer is essentially the same in both cases, but the longer belt requires greater tension (which is bad because it shortens belt life) to avoid greater slippage than the shorter belt. Flutter and whipping is also a problem in longer belts that increases belt wear. Idler pulleys can be used to reduce those problems, but they bring along their own set of problems of increased friction and belt wear.